pressbooks aldine theme the theme used for the front page or default book
You can not select more than 25 topics Topics must start with a letter or number, can include dashes ('-') and can be up to 35 characters long.
 
 
 
 
 
 

1 lines
42 KiB

:root{--font-family-sans-serif:"Karla",sans-serif;--font-family-monospace:"SFMono-Regular",Menlo,Monaco,Consolas,"Liberation Mono","Courier New",monospace;--brand:#b01109;--brand-hover:#770600;--brand-accent:#015d75;--body-bg:#fff;--body-bg-alt:#f9fdff;--body-bg-alt2:#ececec;--body-color:#000;--button-primary-color:#fff;--button-primary-hover-color:#770600;--button-secondary-color:#b01109;--button-secondary-hover-color:#770600;--header-bg:#fff;--header-color:#000;--footer-bg:#444;--footer-color:#fff;--book-bg:#fff;--brand-orig:#b01109;--brand-hover-orig:#770600;--brand-accent-orig:#015d75;--primary:#b01109;--accent:#015d75;--primary-fg:#fff;--accent-fg:#fff;--header-text:#000;--cover-header-bg:#000}*,:after,:before{-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box}html{font-family:sans-serif;line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;-ms-text-size-adjust:100%;-ms-overflow-style:scrollbar;-webkit-tap-highlight-color:transparent}@-ms-viewport{width:device-width}article,aside,dialog,figcaption,figure,footer,header,hgroup,main,nav,section{display:block}body{margin:0;font-family:Karla,sans-serif;font-size:1rem;font-weight:400;line-height:1.5;color:var(--body-color,#000);text-align:left;background-color:var(--body-bg,#fff)}[tabindex="-1"]:focus{outline:none!important}hr{-webkit-box-sizing:content-box;box-sizing:content-box;height:0;overflow:visible}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:.5rem}p{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:1rem}abbr[data-original-title],abbr[title]{text-decoration:underline;-webkit-text-decoration:underline dotted;text-decoration:underline dotted;cursor:help;border-bottom:0}address{font-style:normal;line-height:inherit}address,dl,ol,ul{margin-bottom:1rem}dl,ol,ul{margin-top:0}ol ol,ol ul,ul ol,ul ul{margin-bottom:0}dt{font-weight:700}dd{margin-bottom:.5rem;margin-left:0}blockquote{margin:0 0 1rem}dfn{font-style:italic}b,strong{font-weight:bolder}small{font-size:80%}sub,sup{position:relative;font-size:75%;line-height:0;vertical-align:baseline}sub{bottom:-.25em}sup{top:-.5em}a{color:var(--brand);text-decoration:none;background-color:transparent;-webkit-text-decoration-skip:objects}a:hover{color:var(--brand-hover);text-decoration:underline}code,kbd,pre,samp{font-family:monospace,monospace;font-size:1em}pre{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:1rem;overflow:auto;-ms-overflow-style:scrollbar}figure{margin:0 0 1rem}img{vertical-align:middle;border-style:none}svg:not(:root){overflow:hidden}[role=button],a,area,button,input:not([type=range]),label,select,summary,textarea{-ms-touch-action:manipulation;touch-action:manipulation}table{border-collapse:collapse}caption{padding-top:.75rem;padding-bottom:.75rem;color:#888;text-align:left;caption-side:bottom}th{text-align:inherit}label{display:inline-block;margin-bottom:.5rem}button{border-radius:0}button:focus{outline:1px dotted;outline:5px auto -webkit-focus-ring-color}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{margin:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit}button,input{overflow:visible}button,select{text-transform:none}[type=submit],button,html [type=button]{-webkit-appearance:button}[type=button]::-moz-focus-inner,[type=reset]::-moz-focus-inner,[type=submit]::-moz-focus-inner,button::-moz-focus-inner{padding:0;border-style:none}input[type=checkbox],input[type=radio]{-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0}input[type=date],input[type=datetime-local],input[type=month],input[type=time]{-webkit-appearance:listbox}textarea{overflow:auto;resize:vertical}fieldset{min-width:0;padding:0;margin:0;border:0}legend{display:block;width:100%;max-width:100%;padding:0;margin-bottom:.5rem;font-size:1.5rem;line-height:inherit;color:inherit;white-space:normal}progress{vertical-align:baseline}[type=number]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,[type=number]::-webkit-outer-spin-button{height:auto}[type=search]{outline-offset:-2px;-webkit-appearance:none}[type=search]::-webkit-search-cancel-button,[type=search]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none}::-webkit-file-upload-button{font:inherit;-webkit-appearance:button}output{display:inline-block}summary{display:list-item}template{display:none}[hidden]{display:none!important}.focusable:focus{outline:none}.has-focus{background:#ff0}.a11y-toolbar{position:fixed;z-index:99999;top:0;padding:0 1rem;width:100%;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-orient:horizontal;-webkit-box-direction:normal;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center}.a11y-toolbar .wrap{width:100%;max-width:1440px;text-align:right}.a11y-toolbar ul{list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.a11y-toolbar ul li{display:inline;line-height:20px;font-size:75%}.a11y-toolbar ul li a{display:inline;padding:.25rem 1rem;color:var(--brand);background:var(--body-bg);text-align:center;border-left:2px solid var(--brand);border-bottom:2px solid var(--brand);border-right:2px solid var(--brand);border-bottom-right-radius:4px;border-bottom-left-radius:4px;line-height:24px;font-size:1rem}.a11y-toolbar ul li a:hover{color:var(--header-color);background:var(--brand);text-decoration:none}.fontsize{font-size:22px}.screen-reader-text{border:0;clip:rect(1px,1px,1px,1px);-webkit-clip-path:inset(50%);clip-path:inset(50%);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute!important;width:1px;word-wrap:normal!important}.screen-reader-text:focus{background-color:var(--body-bg);border-radius:3px;-webkit-box-shadow:0 0 2px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.6);box-shadow:0 0 2px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.6);clip:auto!important;-webkit-clip-path:none;clip-path:none;color:var(--body-color);display:block;font-size:.875rem;font-weight:700;height:auto;left:5px;line-height:normal;padding:15px 23px 14px;text-decoration:none;top:5px;width:auto;z-index:100000}@font-face{font-family:pressbooks-theme;src:url("../fonts/pressbooks-theme.woff") format("woff"),url("../fonts/pressbooks-theme.ttf") format("truetype");font-weight:400;font-style:normal}[data-icon]:before{font-family:pressbooks-theme,sans-serif!important;content:attr(data-icon);font-style:normal!important;font-weight:400!important;font-variant:normal!important;text-transform:none!important;speak:none;line-height:1;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale;vertical-align:top}.icon{display:inline-block;font-size:1.875rem;width:1.875rem;height:1.875rem;margin:0 .5rem;text-decoration:none!important}.icon:before{font-family:pressbooks-theme,sans-serif!important;font-style:normal!important;font-weight:400!important;font-variant:normal!important;text-transform:none!important;speak:none;line-height:1;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale;vertical-align:top;width:1em;height:1em}.icon-arrow-down:before{content:"a"}.icon-arrow-left:before{content:"x"}.icon-arrow-right:before{content:"b"}.icon-arrow-up:before{content:"c"}.icon-arrow-up-down:before{content:"a"}.icon-arrow-up-down.\--visible:before{content:"c"}.icon-book:before{content:"d"}.icon-graph:before{content:"g"}.icon-like:before{content:"h"}.icon-share-books:before{content:"j"}.icon-speach-bubble:before{content:"k"}.icon-twitter:before{content:"l"}.icon-facebook:before{content:"e"}.icon-search:before{content:"m"}.icon-cc:before{content:"f"}.icon-cc-by:before{content:"n"}.icon-google-plus:before{content:"o"}.icon-cc-nc:before{content:"i"}.icon-cc-share:before{content:"p"}.icon-cc-sa:before{content:"q"}.icon-cc-zero:before{content:"r"}.icon-cc-pd:before{content:"s"}.icon-cc-nd:before{content:"t"}.icon-cc-nc-jp:before{content:"u"}.icon-cc-nc-eu:before{content:"v"}.icon-cc-remix:before{content:"w"}.h1,.h2,.h3,.h4,.h5,.h6,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{margin-bottom:.5rem;font-family:Karla,sans-serif;font-weight:700;line-height:1.1}.h1 a,.h1 a:active,.h1 a:hover,.h1 a:visited,.h2 a,.h2 a:active,.h2 a:hover,.h2 a:visited,.h3 a,.h3 a:active,.h3 a:hover,.h3 a:visited,.h4 a,.h4 a:active,.h4 a:hover,.h4 a:visited,.h5 a,.h5 a:active,.h5 a:hover,.h5 a:visited,.h6 a,.h6 a:active,.h6 a:hover,.h6 a:visited,h1 a,h1 a:active,h1 a:hover,h1 a:visited,h2 a,h2 a:active,h2 a:hover,h2 a:visited,h3 a,h3 a:active,h3 a:hover,h3 a:visited,h4 a,h4 a:active,h4 a:hover,h4 a:visited,h5 a,h5 a:active,h5 a:hover,h5 a:visited,h6 a,h6 a:active,h6 a:hover,h6 a:visited{color:inherit}.home .h1,.home .h2,.home .h3,.home .h4,.home .h5,.home .h6,.home h1,.home h2,.home h3,.home h4,.home h5,.home h6{color:var(--brand)}.h1,h1{font-size:3rem}.h2,h2{font-size:2.5rem}.h3,h3{font-size:2.25rem}.h4,h4{font-size:1.875rem}.h5,h5{font-size:1.5rem}.h6,h6{font-size:1.25rem}.dropdown,.dropup{position:relative}.dropdown-toggle:after{display:inline-block;width:0;height:0;margin-left:1rem;vertical-align:.255em;content:"";border-top:.3em solid;border-right:.3em solid transparent;border-left:.3em solid transparent}.dropdown-toggle.dropdown-toggle-block{-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex}.dropdown-toggle.dropdown-toggle-block:after{margin-left:auto}.dropdown-toggle:empty:after{margin-left:0}.dropdown-menu{position:absolute;top:100%;left:0;z-index:1000;display:none;float:left;min-width:10rem;padding:.5rem 0;margin:.125rem 0 0;font-size:1rem;color:#000;text-align:left;list-style:none;background-color:var(--body-bg);background-clip:padding-box;border:2px solid rgba(0,0,0,.15);border-radius:3px;-webkit-box-shadow:0 .5rem 1rem rgba(0,0,0,.175);box-shadow:0 .5rem 1rem rgba(0,0,0,.175)}.dropdown-menu.dropdown-menu-block{width:100%}.dropup .dropdown-menu{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:.125rem}.dropup .dropdown-toggle:after{border-top:0;border-bottom:.3em solid}.dropdown-item{display:block;width:100%;padding:.25rem 1.5rem;clear:both;font-weight:400;color:#222;text-align:inherit;white-space:nowrap;background:none;border:0}.dropdown-item:focus,.dropdown-item:hover{color:#151515;text-decoration:none;background-color:var(--brand-accent)}.dropdown-item.active,.dropdown-item:active{color:var(--brand);text-decoration:none;background-color:var(--brand-accent)}.dropdown-item.disabled,.dropdown-item:disabled{color:#888;background-color:transparent}.show>a{outline:0}.dropdown-menu.show{display:block}.dropdown-header{display:block;padding:.5rem 1.5rem;margin-bottom:0;font-size:.875rem;color:#888;white-space:nowrap}.button{border:2px solid transparent;border-radius:3px;display:inline-block;font-family:Karla,sans-serif;font-weight:400;line-height:1.5;padding:.875rem 3.25rem;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;text-transform:uppercase;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none}.button,.button:focus,.button:hover{text-decoration:none}.button.focus,.button:focus{outline:0;-webkit-box-shadow:0 0 0 3px rgba(176,17,9,.25);box-shadow:0 0 0 3px rgba(176,17,9,.25)}.button.disabled,.button:disabled{opacity:.65;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none}.button.active,.button:active{background-image:none;-webkit-box-shadow:0 0 0 3px rgba(176,17,9,.25),inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0,0,0,.125);box-shadow:0 0 0 3px rgba(176,17,9,.25),inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0,0,0,.125)}.button--primary{background-color:var(--brand);border-color:var(--brand);color:var(--button-primary-color)}.button--primary:hover{background-color:var(--brand-hover);border-color:var(--brand-hover);color:var(--button-primary-color)}.button--secondary{background-color:transparent;border-color:var(--brand);color:var(--brand)}.button--secondary:hover{border-color:var(--brand-hover);color:var(--brand-hover)}.button--primary.button--header{background-color:var(--header-color);border-color:var(--header-color);color:var(--header-bg)}.button--primary.button--header:hover,.button--secondary.button--header{background-color:transparent;border-color:var(--header-color);color:var(--header-color)}.button--secondary.button--header:hover{background-color:var(--header-color);border-color:var(--header-color);color:var(--header-bg)}.button--circle--primary{-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;background-color:var(--brand);color:var(--button-primary-color);border-radius:50%;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center;height:3.75rem;width:3.75rem}.button--circle--primary:hover{background-color:var(--brand-hover);border-color:var(--brand-hover);color:var(--button-primary-color);text-decoration:none}.block-toc .inner-content,.content-max-width{max-width:1330px;margin:0 auto}img{max-width:100%}.clearfix:after{display:block;clear:both;content:""}.home .block{padding:5rem 0 4rem}@media screen and (min-width:768px){.home .block{padding:7rem 1rem 6rem}}.block__title{font-size:1.875rem;text-align:center;text-transform:uppercase}@media screen and (min-width:768px){.block__title{font-size:3rem}}.block__title:before{content:"";display:block;margin:0 auto 1rem;width:46px;height:5px;background:var(--brand-accent)}@media screen and (min-width:60em){.block__title:before{margin-bottom:2rem;width:75px}}.block__subtitle{font-size:1.5rem;margin-bottom:1rem;text-transform:uppercase}@media screen and (min-width:768px){.block__subtitle{margin-bottom:1.5rem}}.block-toggle__cta{position:relative;text-align:center}@media screen and (min-width:60em){.block-toggle__cta{display:none}}.block-toggle__cta__blurb{font-size:.875rem;margin-bottom:0;padding-bottom:2.5rem}.block-toggle__cta__button{bottom:0;cursor:pointer;font-size:1.5rem;left:50%;margin:0;position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,50%);-o-transform:translate(-50%,50%);transform:translate(-50%,50%);z-index:10}.home .block.block-toggle{padding-bottom:0}@media screen and (max-width:59.975em){.home .block.block-toggle.block-toggle--visible .block-toggle__cta__blurb,.home .block.block-toggle:not(.block-toggle--visible) .block-toggle__content{display:none}}.home .block.block-toggle.block-meta{padding-bottom:6rem}.header{font-family:Karla,sans-serif;padding:3.5rem 1rem 1.5rem}@media screen and (min-width:60em){.header{padding:4rem 1rem 3rem}}.header a{color:var(--brand);text-decoration:none}.header a:hover{color:var(--brand-hover);text-decoration:underline}.header--home{--brand:var(--header-color);--brand-hover:var(--header-color);--brand-accent:var(--header-color);background-color:var(--header-bg);color:var(--header-color);padding:3.5rem 1rem 1.5rem}.header--root{background-position:bottom;background-size:cover;height:560px}@media screen and (min-width:60em){.header--root{height:880px}}.header__inner{-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-ms-flex-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between;max-width:1440px;margin:0 auto}.header__search{position:relative}.header:not(.header--home) .icon-search{font-size:1.5rem;cursor:pointer}.header__search__form{display:none;position:absolute;left:100%;top:0}.search--visible .header__search__form{display:block}.header__search__form label{height:0;overflow:hidden;position:absolute;width:0}.header__search__form input[type=text]{background-color:transparent;border:0 none;border-bottom:2px solid var(--body-color);color:var(--body-color)}.header__search__form input[type=text]:focus{border-color:var(--brand)}.header--home .header__search__form input[type=text]{color:var(--header-color);border-bottom:1px solid var(--header-color)}.header--home .header__search__form input[type=text]:focus{border-color:var(--brand-orig)}.header__search__form input[type=submit]{display:none}.header h1{font-family:Karla,sans-serif;font-size:1.875rem;margin-top:3rem;margin-bottom:0;text-align:center;max-width:100%}@media screen and (min-width:60em){.header h1{font-size:4.5rem}}.header .description{font-family:Karla,sans-serif;font-size:1.125rem;margin-bottom:0;text-align:center;max-width:100%}@media screen and (min-width:60em){.header .description{font-size:1.875rem}}.header__logo .logo--svg,.header__logo img{display:inline-block;width:auto;max-width:100px;height:auto;max-height:1.5rem;margin-bottom:-1px;margin-right:2px}.header--reading .header__logo .logo--svg,.header--reading .header__logo img{color:var(--brand)}@media screen and (min-width:30em) and (max-width:60em){.header__logo .logo--svg,.header__logo img{max-width:150px}}@media screen and (min-width:60em){.header__logo .logo--svg,.header__logo img{max-width:200px;max-height:30px}}.header__menu-icon{display:block;position:relative;width:25px;height:20px;z-index:99;text-indent:-9999em}@media screen and (min-width:60em){.header__menu-icon{display:none}}.header__menu-icon__icon{display:block;position:absolute;top:7px;width:25px;height:3px;background:var(--brand)}.header__menu-icon__icon:after,.header__menu-icon__icon:before{width:25px;height:3px;content:"";background:var(--brand)}.header__menu-icon__icon:before{position:absolute;top:-7px;right:0}.header__menu-icon__icon:after{position:absolute;top:7px;right:0}.\--active .header__menu-icon__icon{--header-color:var(--primary-fg);background:var(--header-color)}.\--active .header__menu-icon__icon:after,.\--active .header__menu-icon__icon:before{background:var(--header-color)}.header__nav .js-header-nav ul{list-style:none;padding-left:0;margin-bottom:0}.header__nav .js-header-nav ul li{display:inline;padding-left:1rem;font-size:1.125rem}@media screen and (max-width:59.975em){.header__nav .js-header-nav{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-orient:vertical;-webkit-box-direction:normal;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center;left:0;margin:0 0 0 -100%;padding:0 17px;position:absolute;top:0;width:100%}.header__nav .js-header-nav a{display:none;font-family:Karla,sans-serif;font-size:1.5rem;line-height:3.33333333;color:var(--header-color);letter-spacing:0}.header__nav .js-header-nav .sep{display:none}.header__nav .js-header-nav.\--visible{--header-color:var(--primary-fg);margin:0;padding:0 52px;z-index:99;background:var(--primary)}.header__nav .js-header-nav.\--visible a{display:block;width:100%;border-bottom:solid 1px var(--header-color)}.header__nav .js-header-nav.\--visible a:hover{color:var(--header-color)}.header__nav .js-header-nav.\--visible a:last-child{border-bottom:0}}.book-header{--brand:var(--header-color);--brand-hover:var(--header-color);--brand-accent:var(--header-color);background-color:var(--header-bg);color:var(--header-color);padding:1.5rem 1rem 7.5rem}@media screen and (min-width:60em){.book-header{padding:3.5rem 1rem 7.5rem}}.book-header__inner{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-orient:vertical;-webkit-box-direction:normal;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;margin:0 auto;max-width:1330px;min-height:560px;position:relative}@media screen and (min-width:768px){.book-header__inner>*{max-width:55%}}.book-header__title{font-size:2.25rem;text-align:left;text-transform:none}.book-header__title:before{margin-left:0;margin-bottom:1.125rem}.book-header__subtitle{font-family:Spectral,serif;font-size:1.5rem}.book-header__author{font-family:Karla,sans-serif;margin-bottom:1rem}@media screen and (min-width:60em){.book-header__author{margin-bottom:2.25rem}}.book-header__cover{-ms-flex-item-align:center;align-self:center;margin-bottom:1.5rem}@media screen and (min-width:768px){.book-header__cover{-ms-flex-item-align:unset;align-self:unset;position:absolute;right:0;top:0}.book-header__inner>.book-header__cover{max-width:38%}}.book-header__cover__image img{-o-object-fit:contain;object-fit:contain;margin-bottom:1.5rem;max-width:100%;max-height:500px}.book-header__cover__downloads{border-bottom:3px solid var(--header-color);margin-bottom:1.5rem;padding-bottom:.5rem}.book-header__cover__downloads ul{list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.book-header__cover__downloads li{height:3rem;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;padding:0 1rem;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;font-family:Karla,sans-serif;font-size:1rem;font-weight:700;background-color:var(--header-color)}.book-header__cover__downloads li:hover{background-color:#fafdff}.book-header__cover__downloads a{color:var(--cover-header-bg)}.book-header__cover__downloads .dropdown-menu{border-color:var(--header-color)}.book-header__share.book-header__cover__share{display:none}@media screen and (min-width:768px) and (max-width:60em){.book-header__share.book-header__cover__share{display:block}}.book-header__description{font-family:Spectral,serif;font-size:1.125rem;line-height:1.5;margin-bottom:1.875rem}.book-header__description a{text-decoration:underline}.book-header__license{-ms-flex-item-align:center;align-self:center;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-pack:distribute;justify-content:space-around;margin-bottom:2.375rem}@media screen and (min-width:768px){.book-header__license{-ms-flex-item-align:unset;align-self:unset;-webkit-box-pack:start;-ms-flex-pack:start;justify-content:flex-start}}.book-header__license__text{margin-bottom:.5rem;margin-top:.5rem;text-align:center}@media screen and (min-width:768px){.book-header__license__text{text-align:left}}.book-header__cta{-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-ms-flex-item-align:center;align-self:center;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-orient:vertical;-webkit-box-direction:normal;-ms-flex-flow:column wrap;flex-flow:column wrap}@media screen and (min-width:768px){.book-header__cta{-webkit-box-align:start;-ms-flex-align:start;align-items:flex-start;-ms-flex-item-align:unset;align-self:unset;-webkit-box-orient:horizontal;-webkit-box-direction:normal;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row}}.book-header__cta .button{margin-bottom:.875rem;min-width:15rem}@media screen and (min-width:768px){.book-header__cta .button{margin-right:1.375rem}}.book-header__share{-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-ms-flex-item-align:center;align-self:center;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;margin-top:1rem}@media screen and (min-width:768px) and (max-width:60em){.book-header__share{display:none}}@media screen and (min-width:768px){.book-header__share{-webkit-box-align:start;-ms-flex-align:start;align-items:flex-start;-ms-flex-item-align:unset;align-self:unset}.book-header__share>:first-child{margin-left:0}}.book-header__share a{cursor:pointer}.license-icons{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center}.license-icons>.icon:first-child{margin-left:0}.license-icons>.icon:last-child{margin-right:1rem}.license-text{font-family:Karla,sans-serif;font-weight:700}.block-toc{padding-left:0;padding-right:0}@media screen and (min-width:768px){.block-toc__title{margin-bottom:5rem}}.toc__back-matter,.toc__front-matter{font-weight:700}@media screen and (min-width:768px){.toc__back-matter,.toc__front-matter{font-size:1.125rem}}.toc__back-matter li,.toc__front-matter li{background-color:var(--body-bg-alt);margin-bottom:3px;padding:1rem}.toc__list{color:var(--brand);margin-bottom:0}.toc__list,.toc__list ul{list-style:none;padding:0}.toc__list li{font-weight:700}.toc__list a{color:var(--brand);text-decoration:none}.toc__list a:hover{color:var(--brand-hover);text-decoration:underline}.js-toc-part-toggle{cursor:pointer}.toc__part__title{background-color:var(--body-bg-alt);font-size:1rem;margin-bottom:3px;padding:1.25rem 1rem;text-transform:uppercase}@media screen and (min-width:768px){.toc__part__title{font-size:1.5rem}}.toc__part__title .icon{margin-left:auto;font-size:1em;height:1em;width:1em}.toc__part__title .icon-arrow-up{display:none}.open .toc__part__title{background-color:var(--brand)}.open .toc__part__title,.open .toc__part__title .icon{color:var(--button-primary-color)}.open .toc__part__title .icon-arrow-up-down:before{content:"c"}.toc__part__title>.inner-content{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center}ul.toc__chapters{padding:1rem}.toc__chapters{display:none}@media screen and (min-width:768px){.home .toc__chapters{-webkit-column-count:2;column-count:2;-webkit-column-gap:2rem;column-gap:2rem}}.open .toc__chapters{display:block}.toc__chapters .toc__chapter{margin-bottom:1rem;overflow:hidden;-webkit-column-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid}.toc__chapters .toc__chapter:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.block-toc__toggle-all{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center;margin-top:1rem}.block-toc__toggle-all .block-toc__toggle-all__hide{display:none}.block-reading-toc{--body-bg-alt:var(--body-bg-alt2);--brand:var(--brand-orig);--brand-hover:var(--brand-hover-orig);--brand-accent:var(--brand-accent-orig);background-color:var(--body-bg);display:none;font-family:Karla,sans-serif;font-size:1rem;width:100vw;left:0;top:100%;position:absolute;z-index:100}@media screen and (min-width:60em){.block-reading-toc{width:100%}}.block-reading-toc.\--visible{display:block}.block-reading-toc .toc__back-matter,.block-reading-toc .toc__front-matter,.block-reading-toc .toc__part__title{font-size:1rem}@media screen and (min-width:768px){.block-reading-toc .toc__back-matter li,.block-reading-toc .toc__front-matter li,.block-reading-toc .toc__part__title,.block-reading-toc .toc__part__title li{padding:1.25rem 1rem}}.block-info{-webkit-box-shadow:0 2px 4px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.15);box-shadow:0 2px 4px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.15);font-size:1.125rem;padding-left:0;padding-right:0}@media screen and (min-width:60em){.block-info{padding-left:1rem;padding-right:1rem}}.block-info__inner{max-width:1330px;margin:0 auto;padding-bottom:4rem}@media screen and (min-width:60em){.block-info__inner{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;padding-bottom:6rem}}@media screen and (min-width:60em){.block-info__inner__content{-webkit-box-flex:1;-ms-flex:1 1 0px;flex:1 1 0}.block-info__inner__content:last-child{margin-left:7rem}}.block-info__title{margin-bottom:1.5rem}@media screen and (min-width:768px){.block-info__title{margin-bottom:3rem}}.block-info__description{font-family:Spectral,serif;font-size:1.125rem}.block-info__subsection{padding-left:1rem;padding-right:1rem}@media screen and (min-width:60em){.block-info__subsection{padding-left:0;padding-right:0}}.block-info__subject{margin-bottom:0}.block-info__contributing-authors,.block-info__lead-author,.block-info__license,.block-info__subject{margin-bottom:1rem;padding-bottom:1rem;border-bottom:1px solid #ececec}@media screen and (max-width:767px){.block-info__contributing-authors:last-child,.block-info__lead-author:last-child,.block-info__license:last-child,.block-info__subject:last-child{border-bottom:0 none}}.block-info__lead-author__authors{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-box-pack:start;-ms-flex-pack:start;justify-content:flex-start}.block-info__lead-author__photo{border-radius:58px;border:3px solid var(--brand-accent);overflow:hidden;width:116px;height:116px;margin-right:.625rem}.block-info__lead-author__photo img{width:100%;height:auto}.block-info__lead-author__name{margin-right:2rem}.block-meta{-webkit-box-shadow:0 2px 4px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.15);box-shadow:0 2px 4px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.15);font-size:1.125rem}@media screen and (min-width:60em){.block-meta{background-color:var(--body-bg-alt);-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;padding-left:2rem;padding-right:2rem}.block-meta.section{padding-bottom:6rem}}.block-meta__content-box{background-color:var(--body-bg);margin:0 auto;max-width:1200px;padding-left:2rem;padding-right:2rem}@media screen and (min-width:60em){.block-meta__content-box{-webkit-box-shadow:0 2px 4px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.15);box-shadow:0 2px 4px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.15);padding:4rem 8rem}}.block-meta__title{margin-bottom:1.5rem}@media screen and (min-width:768px){.block-meta__title{margin-bottom:3rem}}.block-meta__inner{padding-bottom:2rem}@media screen and (min-width:768px){.block-meta__inner{padding-bottom:4rem}}@media screen and (min-width:60em){.block-meta__inner{padding-bottom:0}}.block-meta__list{-webkit-column-rule:1px solid #b7b7b7;column-rule:1px solid #b7b7b7}@media screen and (min-width:768px){.block-meta__list{-webkit-column-count:3;column-count:3;-webkit-column-gap:3rem;column-gap:3rem}}.block-meta__subsection{margin-bottom:2.5rem;overflow:hidden;-webkit-column-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid}.block-meta__subtitle{color:var(--brand);font-size:1.125rem;margin-bottom:.5rem}.footer{--brand:var(--footer-color);--brand-hover:var(--footer-color);background-color:#444;color:#fff;font-family:Karla,sans-serif;padding:2rem 1rem 2.25rem}.footer.footer--home{padding-top:4rem}.footer.footer--reading{padding-bottom:7rem}@media screen and (min-width:60em){.footer.footer--reading{padding-bottom:7rem}}@media screen and (min-width:1330px){.footer.footer--reading{padding-bottom:2.5rem}}.footer.footer--reading.footer--multipage{padding-bottom:9.5rem}@media screen and (min-width:60em){.footer.footer--reading.footer--multipage{padding-bottom:7rem}}@media screen and (min-width:1330px){.footer.footer--reading.footer--multipage{padding-bottom:2.5rem}}@media screen and (min-width:768px){.footer{-webkit-box-orient:horizontal;-webkit-box-direction:normal;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;padding-top:2rem;padding-bottom:2.5rem}}.footer__inner{max-width:1330px;margin:0 auto}.footer__pressbooks{-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-orient:vertical;-webkit-box-direction:normal;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-ms-flex-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between}@media screen and (min-width:768px){.footer__pressbooks{-webkit-box-orient:horizontal;-webkit-box-direction:normal;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row}}.footer__pressbooks__icon{margin:0 1rem}.footer__pressbooks__icon>.icon--svg{height:45px;width:45px}.footer__pressbooks__links{margin-bottom:1.5rem;margin-top:1.5rem}@media screen and (min-width:768px){.footer__pressbooks__links{margin:0}}.footer__pressbooks__links__list{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;font-size:.875rem;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center;list-style:none;margin:0;padding-left:0}.footer__pressbooks__links__list li{padding:.125rem 0}.footer__pressbooks__links__list li>a{padding-left:.5rem;padding-right:.5rem}.footer__pressbooks__links__title{font-size:1rem;text-align:center}.footer__pressbooks__social{-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex}.reading-header{--brand:var(--header-color);--brand-hover:var(--header-color);--brand-accent:var(--header-color);color:var(--header-color);font-family:Karla,sans-serif}.reading-header a{color:var(--brand);text-decoration:none}.reading-header a:hover{color:var(--brand-hover);text-decoration:underline}.reading-header__inner{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-orient:vertical;-webkit-box-direction:normal;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column}@media screen and (min-width:60em){.reading-header__inner{-webkit-box-orient:horizontal;-webkit-box-direction:normal;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row}}.reading-header__end-container,.reading-header__title,.reading-header__toc{-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;background-color:var(--header-bg);display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-flex:1;-ms-flex:1 1 auto;flex:1 1 auto;height:5rem}.reading-header__end-container,.reading-header__toc{border-top:3px solid var(--header-color);font-size:1rem;-webkit-box-ordinal-group:2;-ms-flex-order:1;order:1;padding-left:2.25rem;padding-right:2.25rem}@media screen and (min-width:60em){.reading-header__end-container,.reading-header__toc{border-top:0 none;max-width:18rem;-webkit-box-ordinal-group:1;-ms-flex-order:0;order:0;padding-left:2rem;padding-right:2rem}}@media screen and (min-width:1330px){.reading-header__end-container,.reading-header__toc{max-width:24rem;padding-left:3rem;font-size:1.25rem}}.reading-header__toc{position:relative}.reading-header__toc>.js-toc-toggle{width:100%;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-box-flex:1;-ms-flex:1 1 auto;flex:1 1 auto}.reading-header__toc a{cursor:pointer}.reading-header__toc a>.reading-header__toc__title{text-transform:uppercase}.reading-header__toc a>.icon{margin-left:auto;font-size:1rem;height:1em;width:1em}@media screen and (min-width:768px){.reading-header__toc a>.icon{font-size:1.25rem}}.reading-header__toc a:hover{text-decoration:none}.reading-header__toc.\--visible>a .icon-arrow-up-down:before{content:"c"}.reading-header__title{background-color:var(--footer-bg);border-top:solid 2px var(--body-bg);border-bottom:solid 2px var(--body-bg);font-size:1.5rem;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center;margin-bottom:0;text-align:center;text-transform:uppercase}.reading-header__end-container{display:none}@media screen and (min-width:60em){.reading-header__end-container{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:end;-ms-flex-pack:end;justify-content:flex-end}}#content{position:relative;z-index:10;min-height:420px;padding:2rem;margin:0 auto;background-color:var(--book-bg);width:auto}@media screen and (min-width:60em){#content{width:800px}}#content ul{list-style:disc}#content .wp-caption,#content .wp-nocaption,#content img{height:auto;max-width:100%}.single #content{min-height:350px;margin-bottom:0}.nav-reading{background-color:var(--brand);bottom:0;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;left:0;position:fixed;width:100vw}@media screen and (min-width:1330px){.nav-reading{background-color:transparent;display:block;bottom:auto;top:58%}}.nav-reading__next,.nav-reading__previous{-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;color:var(--button-primary-color);-webkit-box-flex:1;-ms-flex:1 1 50%;flex:1 1 50%;font-family:Karla,sans-serif;font-size:.875rem;height:2.5rem}@media screen and (min-width:30em){.nav-reading__next,.nav-reading__previous{padding:0 1rem}}@media screen and (min-width:1330px){.nav-reading__next,.nav-reading__previous{bottom:0;color:var(--body-color);font-size:1.25rem;height:auto;position:absolute;padding:0 1rem}}.nav-reading__next a,.nav-reading__previous a{-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;color:var(--button-primary-color);display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;white-space:nowrap}.nav-reading__next a:hover,.nav-reading__previous a:hover{color:var(--button-primary-color);text-decoration:none}.nav-reading__next a .icon,.nav-reading__previous a .icon{color:var(--button-primary-color);font-size:.75rem;height:1em;width:1em}.nav-reading__next a .icon:hover,.nav-reading__previous a .icon:hover{color:var(--button-primary-color)}@media screen and (min-width:1330px){.nav-reading__next a,.nav-reading__previous a{color:var(--body-color);font-size:1.25rem;height:auto}.nav-reading__next a:hover,.nav-reading__previous a:hover{color:var(--brand-hover)}.nav-reading__next a .icon,.nav-reading__previous a .icon{color:var(--brand);font-size:1.25rem}.nav-reading__next a .icon:hover,.nav-reading__previous a .icon:hover{color:var(--brand-hover)}}.nav-reading__previous{border-right:1px solid var(--button-primary-color);-webkit-box-pack:start;-ms-flex-pack:start;justify-content:flex-start;left:0}@media screen and (min-width:1330px){.nav-reading__previous{border:0 none;left:3rem}}.nav-reading__previous .icon{margin-right:.5rem}@media screen and (min-width:1330px){.nav-reading__previous .icon{margin-right:1rem}}.nav-reading__next{border-left:1px solid var(--button-primary-color);-webkit-box-pack:end;-ms-flex-pack:end;justify-content:flex-end;right:0}@media screen and (min-width:1330px){.nav-reading__next{border:0 none;right:3rem}}.nav-reading__next .icon{margin-left:.5rem}@media screen and (min-width:1330px){.nav-reading__next .icon{margin-left:1rem}}.nav-reading__up{-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;background-color:var(--brand);border-radius:50%;color:var(--button-primary-color);display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-orient:vertical;-webkit-box-direction:normal;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center;height:2.5rem;left:50%;position:absolute;top:-3rem;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%);-o-transform:translate(-50%);transform:translate(-50%);width:2.5rem}.nav-reading__up:hover{background-color:var(--brand-hover);color:var(--button-primary-color);text-decoration:none}@media screen and (max-width:59.975em){.nav-reading--multipage .nav-reading__up{top:-6rem}}@media screen and (min-width:1330px){.nav-reading__up{left:auto;right:3rem;top:4rem;height:6rem;width:6rem}}.nav-reading__up .nav-reading__up__text{display:none;font-family:Spectral,serif;font-size:.875rem}@media screen and (min-width:1330px){.nav-reading__up .nav-reading__up__text{display:block}}.nav-reading__up .icon{font-size:1rem;height:1em;margin:0;width:1em}@media screen and (min-width:1330px){.nav-reading__up .icon{font-size:2rem}}.nav-reading--page{background-color:var(--body-bg);bottom:2.5rem;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;left:0;position:fixed;width:100vw}@media screen and (min-width:60em){.nav-reading--page{background-color:transparent;bottom:auto;top:58%;position:relative;display:block;width:auto}}.nav-reading--page__next,.nav-reading--page__previous{-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-flex:1;-ms-flex:1 1 50%;flex:1 1 50%;font-family:Karla,sans-serif;font-size:.875rem;height:2.5rem;padding:0 1rem}@media screen and (min-width:60em){.nav-reading--page__next,.nav-reading--page__previous{padding:0 1rem}}@media screen and (min-width:1330px){.nav-reading--page__next,.nav-reading--page__previous{bottom:0;height:auto;font-size:1.25rem}}.nav-reading--page__next a,.nav-reading--page__previous a{-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;color:var(--body-color);display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;white-space:nowrap}.nav-reading--page__next a:hover,.nav-reading--page__previous a:hover{color:var(--brand-hover);text-decoration:none}.nav-reading--page__next a .icon,.nav-reading--page__previous a .icon{color:var(--brand);font-size:.75rem;height:1em;width:1em}.nav-reading--page__next a .icon:hover,.nav-reading--page__previous a .icon:hover{color:var(--brand-hover)}@media screen and (min-width:1330px){.nav-reading--page__next a,.nav-reading--page__previous a{height:auto;font-size:1.25rem}.nav-reading--page__next a .icon,.nav-reading--page__previous a .icon{font-size:1.25rem}}.nav-reading--page__previous{-webkit-box-pack:start;-ms-flex-pack:start;justify-content:flex-start;left:0}.nav-reading--page__previous .icon{margin-right:.5rem}@media screen and (min-width:60em){.nav-reading--page__previous .icon{margin-left:0;margin-right:1rem}}.nav-reading--page__next{-webkit-box-pack:end;-ms-flex-pack:end;justify-content:flex-end;right:0}.nav-reading--page__next .icon{margin-left:.5rem}@media screen and (min-width:60em){.nav-reading--page__next .icon{margin-left:1rem;margin-right:0}}.edit-link{margin-top:1rem}@media print{body{background:none}a{color:#000}#wrap{position:relative;display:block;float:none;margin:0 auto;clear:both}#header{padding-bottom:18pt;border-bottom:2pt solid #000}.entry-content{font-size:14pt;line-height:1.6em}.entry-title{font-size:21pt}#branding img,#comments,#respond,#searchform,.comment-edit-link,.edit-link,.nav,.navigation,.page-link,.share-wrap-single,.sidebar,.widget-area{display:none}#container,#header,.footer{width:100%;margin:0}.footer,nav{color:#000;background:#fff}#content{width:100%;padding:10px;margin:24pt 0 0}.wp-caption p{font-size:11pt}.home .sticky{border:0}.wrapper{height:auto;min-height:100px;margin:0 auto}}.block-reading-meta{background-color:#ececec;font-family:Karla,sans-serif;padding:2rem 1rem 4rem}@media screen and (min-width:768px){.block-reading-meta{padding:2rem 1rem 2.25rem}}.block-reading-meta__inner{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;max-width:1200px;margin:0 auto}.block-reading-meta__subsection{-webkit-box-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;min-width:300px;padding-right:2rem}.block-reading-meta__subtitle{color:var(--brand)}.block-reading-meta__share{-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex}.block-reading-meta__share>:first-child{margin-left:0}.block-comments{--brand:var(--footer-color);--brand-hover:var(--footer-color);--brand-accent:var(--footer-color);background-color:#444;color:#fff;font-family:Karla,sans-serif;padding:2rem 1rem 2.25rem}@media screen and (min-width:768px){.block-comments{padding:4.5rem 1rem 2.5rem}}.block-comments a{color:var(--brand);text-decoration:none}.block-comments a:hover{color:var(--brand-hover);text-decoration:underline}.block-comments__inner{max-width:800px;margin:0 auto}.section__title.block-comments__title{font-size:1.5rem}.section__title.block-comments__title:before{margin:0 auto 1rem;width:46px}.block-comments__form{max-width:400px;margin:0 auto}@media screen and (min-width:60em){.block-comments__form{max-width:none}}.comment-reply-title{display:none}.comment-notes{text-align:center}.comment-form-author,.comment-form-comment,.comment-form-email,.comment-form-url{overflow:hidden;margin-bottom:1.25rem;margin-top:0}@media screen and (min-width:60em){.comment-form-author,.comment-form-comment,.comment-form-email,.comment-form-url{margin-bottom:1.25rem}}.comment-form-comment{margin-bottom:1.25rem}@media screen and (min-width:60em){.comment-form-comment{float:right;margin-bottom:0}}#commentform label{display:block;font-size:.875rem}#commentform input,#commentform textarea{padding:.375rem .75rem;width:400px}@media screen and (min-width:60em){#commentform input,#commentform textarea{width:350px}}#commentform input{font-size:.875em}#respond .form-allowed-tags{width:350px;margin:10px 0 0 170px;font-size:.7em;line-height:1.2em}.form-submit{margin-top:2rem;text-align:center}@media screen and (min-width:60em){.form-submit{float:right;width:350px}}.form-submit input#submit{height:auto;width:auto}