uuid: d5c49b02-11fc-4938-96e4-cb8fc99e830e
langcode: en
status: true
dependencies: {  }
_core:
  default_config_hash: uKTD7PvBOSjC4G6K4Cwquf7ds33h_qGDl9x96WCDSoU
id: chicago_author_date
parent: null
label: 'Chicago Manual of Style 16th edition (author-date)'
csl: |
  <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
    <style xmlns="http://purl.org/net/xbiblio/csl" class="in-text" version="1.0" demote-non-dropping-particle="display-and-sort" page-range-format="chicago">
    <info>
    <title>Chicago Manual of Style 16th edition (author-date)</title>
    <id>http://www.zotero.org/styles/chicago-author-date-16th-edition</id>
    <link href="http://www.zotero.org/styles/chicago-author-date-16th-edition" rel="self"/>
    <link href="http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html" rel="documentation"/>
    <author>
    <name>Julian Onions</name>
    <email>julian.onions@gmail.com</email>
    </author>
    <contributor>
    <name>Sebastian Karcher</name>
    </contributor>
    <contributor>
    <name>Richard Karnesky</name>
    <email>karnesky+zotero@gmail.com</email>
    <uri>http://arc.nucapt.northwestern.edu/Richard_Karnesky</uri>
    </contributor>
    <contributor>
    <name>Andrew Dunning</name>
    <email>andrew.dunning@utoronto.ca</email>
    </contributor>
    <contributor>
    <name>Brenton M. Wiernik</name>
    </contributor>
    <category citation-format="author-date"/>
    <category field="generic-base"/>
    <summary>The author-date variant of the Chicago style</summary>
    <updated>2020-04-26T18:22:50+00:00</updated>
    <rights license="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/">This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 License</rights>
    </info>
    <locale xml:lang="en">
    <terms>
    <term name="editor" form="verb-short">ed.</term>
    <term name="container-author" form="verb">by</term>
    <term name="translator" form="verb-short">trans.</term>
    <term name="editortranslator" form="verb">edited and translated by</term>
    <term name="translator" form="short">trans.</term>
    </terms>
    </locale>
    <macro name="secondary-contributors">
    <choose>
    <if type="chapter entry-dictionary entry-encyclopedia paper-conference" match="none">
    <group delimiter=". ">
    <names variable="editor translator" delimiter=". ">
    <label form="verb" text-case="capitalize-first" suffix=" "/>
    <name and="text" delimiter=", "/>
    </names>
    <names variable="director" delimiter=". ">
    <label form="verb" text-case="capitalize-first" suffix=" "/>
    <name and="text" delimiter=", "/>
    </names>
    </group>
    </if>
    </choose>
    </macro>
    <macro name="container-contributors">
    <choose>
    <if type="chapter entry-dictionary entry-encyclopedia paper-conference" match="any">
    <group prefix=", " delimiter=", ">
    <names variable="container-author" delimiter=", ">
    <label form="verb" suffix=" "/>
    <name and="text" delimiter=", "/>
    </names>
    <names variable="editor translator" delimiter=", ">
    <label form="verb" suffix=" "/>
    <name and="text" delimiter=", "/>
    </names>
    </group>
    </if>
    </choose>
    </macro>
    <macro name="editor">
    <names variable="editor">
    <name name-as-sort-order="first" and="text" sort-separator=", " delimiter=", " delimiter-precedes-last="always"/>
    <label form="short" prefix=", "/>
    </names>
    </macro>
    <macro name="translator">
    <names variable="translator">
    <name name-as-sort-order="first" and="text" sort-separator=", " delimiter=", " delimiter-precedes-last="always"/>
    <label form="short" prefix=", "/>
    </names>
    </macro>
    <macro name="recipient">
    <choose>
    <if type="personal_communication">
    <choose>
    <if variable="genre">
    <text variable="genre" text-case="capitalize-first"/>
    </if>
    <else>
    <text term="letter" text-case="capitalize-first"/>
    </else>
    </choose>
    </if>
    </choose>
    <names variable="recipient" delimiter=", ">
    <label form="verb" prefix=" " text-case="lowercase" suffix=" "/>
    <name and="text" delimiter=", "/>
    </names>
    </macro>
    <macro name="substitute-title">
    <choose>
    <if type="article-magazine article-newspaper review review-book" match="any">
    <text macro="container-title"/>
    </if>
    </choose>
    </macro>
    <macro name="contributors">
    <group delimiter=". ">
    <names variable="author">
    <name and="text" name-as-sort-order="first" sort-separator=", " delimiter=", " delimiter-precedes-last="always"/>
    <label form="short" prefix=", "/>
    <substitute>
    <names variable="editor"/>
    <names variable="translator"/>
    <names variable="director"/>
    <text macro="substitute-title"/>
    <text macro="title"/>
    </substitute>
    </names>
    <text macro="recipient"/>
    </group>
    </macro>
    <macro name="contributors-short">
    <names variable="author">
    <name form="short" and="text" delimiter=", " initialize-with=". "/>
    <substitute>
    <names variable="editor"/>
    <names variable="translator"/>
    <names variable="director"/>
    <text macro="substitute-title"/>
    <text macro="title"/>
    </substitute>
    </names>
    </macro>
    <macro name="interviewer">
    <names variable="interviewer" delimiter=", ">
    <label form="verb" prefix=" " text-case="capitalize-first" suffix=" "/>
    <name and="text" delimiter=", "/>
    </names>
    </macro>
    <macro name="archive">
    <group delimiter=". ">
    <text variable="archive_location" text-case="capitalize-first"/>
    <text variable="archive"/>
    <text variable="archive-place"/>
    </group>
    </macro>
    <macro name="access">
    <group delimiter=". ">
    <choose>
    <if type="graphic report" match="any">
    <text macro="archive"/>
    </if>
    <else-if type="article-journal bill book chapter legal_case legislation motion_picture paper-conference" match="none">
    <text macro="archive"/>
    </else-if>
    </choose>
    <choose>
    <if type="webpage post-weblog" match="any">
    <date variable="issued" delimiter=" ">
    <date-part name="month"/>
    <date-part name="day"/>
    </date>
    </if>
    </choose>
    <choose>
    <if variable="issued" match="none">
    <group delimiter=" ">
    <text term="accessed" text-case="capitalize-first"/>
    <date variable="accessed" delimiter=" ">
    <date-part name="month"/>
    <date-part name="day"/>
    </date>
    </group>
    </if>
    </choose>
    <choose>
    <if type="legal_case" match="none">
    <choose>
    <if variable="DOI">
    <text variable="DOI" prefix="doi:"/>
    </if>
    <else>
    <text variable="URL"/>
    </else>
    </choose>
    </if>
    </choose>
    </group>
    </macro>
    <macro name="title">
    <choose>
    <if variable="title" match="none">
    <choose>
    <if type="personal_communication" match="none">
    <text variable="genre" text-case="capitalize-first"/>
    </if>
    </choose>
    </if>
    <else-if type="bill book graphic legislation motion_picture song" match="any">
    <text variable="title" text-case="title" font-style="italic"/>
    <group prefix=" (" suffix=")" delimiter=" ">
    <text term="version"/>
    <text variable="version"/>
    </group>
    </else-if>
    <else-if variable="reviewed-author">
    <choose>
    <if variable="reviewed-title">
    <group delimiter=". ">
    <text variable="title" text-case="title" quotes="true"/>
    <group delimiter=", ">
    <text variable="reviewed-title" text-case="title" font-style="italic" prefix="Review of "/>
    <names variable="reviewed-author">
    <label form="verb-short" text-case="lowercase" suffix=" "/>
    <name and="text" delimiter=", "/>
    </names>
    </group>
    </group>
    </if>
    <else>
    <group delimiter=", ">
    <text variable="title" text-case="title" font-style="italic" prefix="Review of "/>
    <names variable="reviewed-author">
    <label form="verb-short" text-case="lowercase" suffix=" "/>
    <name and="text" delimiter=", "/>
    </names>
    </group>
    </else>
    </choose>
    </else-if>
    <else-if type="legal_case interview patent" match="any">
    <text variable="title"/>
    </else-if>
    <else>
    <text variable="title" text-case="title" quotes="true"/>
    </else>
    </choose>
    </macro>
    <macro name="edition">
    <choose>
    <if type="bill book graphic legal_case legislation motion_picture report song" match="any">
    <choose>
    <if is-numeric="edition">
    <group delimiter=" " prefix=". ">
    <number variable="edition" form="ordinal"/>
    <text term="edition" form="short" strip-periods="true"/>
    </group>
    </if>
    <else>
    <text variable="edition" text-case="capitalize-first" prefix=". "/>
    </else>
    </choose>
    </if>
    <else-if type="chapter entry-dictionary entry-encyclopedia paper-conference" match="any">
    <choose>
    <if is-numeric="edition">
    <group delimiter=" " prefix=", ">
    <number variable="edition" form="ordinal"/>
    <text term="edition" form="short"/>
    </group>
    </if>
    <else>
    <text variable="edition" prefix=", "/>
    </else>
    </choose>
    </else-if>
    </choose>
    </macro>
    <macro name="locators">
    <choose>
    <if type="article-journal">
    <choose>
    <if variable="volume">
    <text variable="volume" prefix=" "/>
    <group prefix=" (" suffix=")">
    <choose>
    <if variable="issue">
    <text variable="issue"/>
    </if>
    <else>
    <date variable="issued">
    <date-part name="month"/>
    </date>
    </else>
    </choose>
    </group>
    </if>
    <else-if variable="issue">
    <group delimiter=" " prefix=", ">
    <text term="issue" form="short"/>
    <text variable="issue"/>
    <date variable="issued" prefix="(" suffix=")">
    <date-part name="month"/>
    </date>
    </group>
    </else-if>
    <else>
    <date variable="issued" prefix=", ">
    <date-part name="month"/>
    </date>
    </else>
    </choose>
    </if>
    <else-if type="legal_case">
    <text variable="volume" prefix=", "/>
    <text variable="container-title" prefix=" "/>
    <text variable="page" prefix=" "/>
    </else-if>
    <else-if type="bill book graphic legal_case legislation motion_picture report song" match="any">
    <group prefix=". " delimiter=". ">
    <group>
    <text term="volume" form="short" text-case="capitalize-first" suffix=" "/>
    <number variable="volume" form="numeric"/>
    </group>
    <group>
    <number variable="number-of-volumes" form="numeric"/>
    <text term="volume" form="short" prefix=" " plural="true"/>
    </group>
    </group>
    </else-if>
    <else-if type="chapter entry-dictionary entry-encyclopedia paper-conference" match="any">
    <choose>
    <if variable="page" match="none">
    <group prefix=". ">
    <text term="volume" form="short" text-case="capitalize-first" suffix=" "/>
    <number variable="volume" form="numeric"/>
    </group>
    </if>
    </choose>
    </else-if>
    </choose>
    </macro>
    <macro name="locators-chapter">
    <choose>
    <if type="chapter entry-dictionary entry-encyclopedia paper-conference" match="any">
    <choose>
    <if variable="page">
    <group prefix=", ">
    <text variable="volume" suffix=":"/>
    <text variable="page"/>
    </group>
    </if>
    </choose>
    </if>
    </choose>
    </macro>
    <macro name="locators-article">
    <choose>
    <if type="article-newspaper">
    <group prefix=", " delimiter=", ">
    <group delimiter=" ">
    <text variable="edition"/>
    <text term="edition"/>
    </group>
    <group>
    <text term="section" form="short" suffix=" "/>
    <text variable="section"/>
    </group>
    </group>
    </if>
    <else-if type="article-journal">
    <choose>
    <if variable="volume issue" match="any">
  <text variable="page" prefix=": "/>
            </if>
            <else>
              <text variable="page" prefix=", "/>
    </else>
    </choose>
    </else-if>
    </choose>
    </macro>
    <macro name="point-locators">
    <choose>
    <if variable="locator">
    <choose>
    <if locator="page" match="none">
    <choose>
    <if type="bill book graphic legal_case legislation motion_picture report song" match="any">
    <choose>
    <if variable="volume">
    <group>
    <text term="volume" form="short" suffix=" "/>
    <number variable="volume" form="numeric"/>
    <label variable="locator" form="short" prefix=", " suffix=" "/>
    </group>
    </if>
    <else>
    <label variable="locator" form="short" suffix=" "/>
    </else>
    </choose>
    </if>
    <else>
    <label variable="locator" form="short" suffix=" "/>
    </else>
    </choose>
    </if>
    <else-if type="bill book graphic legal_case legislation motion_picture report song" match="any">
    <number variable="volume" form="numeric" suffix=":"/>
    </else-if>
    </choose>
    <text variable="locator"/>
    </if>
    </choose>
    </macro>
    <macro name="container-prefix">
    <text term="in" text-case="capitalize-first"/>
    </macro>
    <macro name="container-title">
    <choose>
    <if type="chapter entry-dictionary entry-encyclopedia paper-conference" match="any">
    <text macro="container-prefix" suffix=" "/>
    </if>
    </choose>
    <choose>
    <if type="legal_case" match="none">
    <text variable="container-title" text-case="title" font-style="italic"/>
    </if>
    </choose>
    </macro>
    <macro name="publisher">
  <group delimiter=": ">
        <text variable="publisher-place"/>
                        <text variable="publisher"/>
    </group>
    </macro>
    <macro name="date">
    <choose>
    <if variable="issued">
    <group delimiter=" ">
    <date variable="original-date" form="text" date-parts="year" prefix="(" suffix=")"/>
    <date variable="issued">
    <date-part name="year"/>
    </date>
    </group>
    </if>
    <else-if variable="accessed">
    <date variable="accessed">
    <date-part name="year"/>
    </date>
    </else-if>
    <else-if variable="status">
    <text variable="status" text-case="capitalize-first"/>
    </else-if>
    <else>
    <text term="no date" form="short"/>
    </else>
    </choose>
    </macro>
    <macro name="date-in-text">
    <choose>
    <if variable="issued">
    <group delimiter=" ">
    <date variable="original-date" form="text" date-parts="year" prefix="[" suffix="]"/>
    <date variable="issued">
    <date-part name="year"/>
    </date>
    </group>
    </if>
    <else-if variable="accessed">
    <date variable="accessed">
    <date-part name="year"/>
    </date>
    </else-if>
    <else-if variable="status">
    <text variable="status"/>
    </else-if>
    <else>
    <text term="no date" form="short"/>
    </else>
    </choose>
    </macro>
    <macro name="day-month">
    <date variable="issued">
    <date-part name="month"/>
    <date-part name="day" prefix=" "/>
    </date>
    </macro>
    <macro name="collection-title">
    <choose>
    <if match="none" type="article-journal">
    <choose>
    <if match="none" is-numeric="collection-number">
    <group delimiter=", ">
    <text variable="collection-title" text-case="title"/>
    <text variable="collection-number"/>
    </group>
    </if>
    <else>
    <group delimiter=" ">
    <text variable="collection-title" text-case="title"/>
    <text variable="collection-number"/>
    </group>
    </else>
    </choose>
    </if>
    </choose>
    </macro>
    <macro name="collection-title-journal">
    <choose>
    <if type="article-journal">
    <group delimiter=" ">
    <text variable="collection-title"/>
    <text variable="collection-number"/>
    </group>
    </if>
    </choose>
    </macro>
    <macro name="event">
    <group delimiter=" ">
    <choose>
    <if variable="genre">
    <text term="presented at"/>
    </if>
    <else>
    <text term="presented at" text-case="capitalize-first"/>
    </else>
    </choose>
    <text variable="event"/>
    </group>
    </macro>
    <macro name="description">
    <choose>
    <if type="interview">
    <group delimiter=". ">
    <text macro="interviewer"/>
    <text variable="medium" text-case="capitalize-first"/>
    </group>
    </if>
    <else-if type="patent">
    <group delimiter=" " prefix=". ">
    <text variable="authority"/>
    <text variable="number"/>
    </group>
    </else-if>
    <else>
    <text variable="medium" text-case="capitalize-first" prefix=". "/>
    </else>
    </choose>
    <choose>
    <if variable="title" match="none"/>
    <else-if type="thesis personal_communication speech" match="any"/>
    <else>
    <group delimiter=" " prefix=". ">
    <text variable="genre" text-case="capitalize-first"/>
    <choose>
    <if type="report">
    <text variable="number"/>
    </if>
    </choose>
    </group>
    </else>
    </choose>
    </macro>
    <macro name="issue">
    <choose>
    <if type="legal_case">
    <text variable="authority" prefix=". "/>
    </if>
    <else-if type="speech">
    <group prefix=". " delimiter=", ">
    <group delimiter=" ">
    <text variable="genre" text-case="capitalize-first"/>
    <text macro="event"/>
    </group>
    <text variable="event-place"/>
    <text macro="day-month"/>
    </group>
    </else-if>
    <else-if type="article-newspaper article-magazine personal_communication" match="any">
    <text macro="day-month" prefix=", "/>
    </else-if>
    <else-if type="patent">
    <group delimiter=", " prefix=", ">
    <group delimiter=" ">
    <!--Needs Localization-->
    <text value="filed"/>
    <date variable="submitted" form="text"/>
    </group>
    <group delimiter=" ">
    <choose>
    <if variable="issued submitted" match="all">
    <text term="and"/>
    </if>
    </choose>
    <!--Needs Localization-->
    <text value="issued"/>
    <date variable="issued" form="text"/>
    </group>
    </group>
    </else-if>
    <else>
    <group prefix=". " delimiter=", ">
    <choose>
    <if type="thesis">
    <text variable="genre" text-case="capitalize-first"/>
    </if>
    </choose>
    <text macro="publisher"/>
    </group>
    </else>
    </choose>
    </macro>
    <citation et-al-min="4" et-al-use-first="1" disambiguate-add-year-suffix="true" disambiguate-add-names="true" disambiguate-add-givenname="true" givenname-disambiguation-rule="primary-name" collapse="year">
    <layout prefix="(" suffix=")" delimiter="; ">
    <group delimiter=", ">
    <choose>
    <if variable="issued accessed" match="any">
    <group delimiter=" ">
    <text macro="contributors-short"/>
    <text macro="date-in-text"/>
    </group>
    </if>
    <!---comma before forthcoming and n.d.-->
    <else>
    <group delimiter=", ">
    <text macro="contributors-short"/>
    <text macro="date-in-text"/>
    </group>
    </else>
    </choose>
    <text macro="point-locators"/>
    </group>
    </layout>
    </citation>
    <bibliography hanging-indent="true" et-al-min="11" et-al-use-first="7" subsequent-author-substitute="&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;" entry-spacing="0">
    <sort>
    <key macro="contributors"/>
    <key variable="issued"/>
    <key variable="title"/>
    </sort>
    <layout suffix=".">
    <group delimiter=". ">
    <text macro="contributors"/>
    <text macro="date"/>
    <text macro="title"/>
    </group>
    <text macro="description"/>
    <text macro="secondary-contributors" prefix=". "/>
    <text macro="container-title" prefix=". "/>
    <text macro="container-contributors"/>
    <text macro="edition"/>
    <text macro="locators-chapter"/>
    <text macro="collection-title-journal" prefix=", " suffix=", "/>
    <text macro="locators"/>
    <text macro="collection-title" prefix=". "/>
    <text macro="issue"/>
    <text macro="locators-article"/>
    <text macro="access" prefix=". "/>
    </layout>
    </bibliography>
    </style>
updated: 1587925370
custom: true
url_id: 'http://www.zotero.org/styles/chicago-author-date-16th-edition'